Synthesis of nickel complexes Example For Students

Synthesis of nickel complexes Outline1 Abstraction2 Introduction3 Experimental4 Consequences and treatment5 Equations Abstraction The intent of this experiment was to look into the Ligand exchange that occurs when different Nickel composites and reacted with Triphenylphosphine. Introduction Triphenylphosphine was foremost prepared by Pfeiffer and Sauvage in 1904 Experimental We will write a custom essay on Synthesis of nickel complexes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Triphenylphosphine ( 1.408g ) was dissolved under reflux with Propan-2-ol ( 15cm3 ) organizing a colorless solution to which 5 boiling french friess were added. Nickel chloride hexahydrate ( 0.603g ) was dissolved in absolute Ethanol ( 10cm3 ) and heated until a green/yellow solution formed. This solution was poured into the reaction mixture through the capacitor. Immediately the solution turned dark green, the solution was refluxed for a farther 6mins. The reaction was removed from the heat and let to chill for 4mins, a dark precipitate was seeable in the flask. The warm solution was filtered under suction to roll up the dark blue/green crystals which were washed with ice cooled absolute ethyl alcohol ( 1x10cm3 + 1x3cm3 ) . Once dry the boiling french friess were removed with a spatula and the crystals were transferred to a n unfastened sample phial and dried in the desiccator for a hebdomad. A farther solution of Triphenylphosphine ( 1.410g ) and Propan-2-ol ( 15cm3 ) was made and set to reflux as earlier. Sodium thiocyanate ( 0.601g ) was dissolved in Ethanol ( 11cm3 ) , to this nickel nitrate hexahydrate ( 0.773g ) was added. The flask was warmed until all the green solid has dissolved and a white solid has formed. Once cooled the solution was filtered under suction and the Filtrate ( aqua blue liquid in Buchner flask ) was added to the refluxing Triphenylphosphine through the capacitor. Immediately the solution turned blood red/brown. The solution was refluxed for a farther 7mins and so cooled for 5 mins. The warm solution was filtered under suction and the orange/ ruddy crystals washed with ice cooled Ethanol ( 1x10cm3 + 1x8cm3 ) . Once dry the boiling french friess were removed as earlier and the crystals were transferred to the desiccator for a hebdomad. Consequences and treatment Triphenylphosphine + Propan-2-ol+ Nickle Chloride hexahydrate + Ethanol A ; agrave ; Bis ( triphenylphosphine ) Ni ( II ) chloride P ( C6H5 ) 3 + C3H7OH + NICl2.6H2O + C2H5OH A ; agrave ; C36H30Cl2NiP2 Triphenylphosphine + Propan-2-ol+ Nickle Chloride hexahydrate + Ethanol A ; agrave ; Bis ( triphenylphosphine ) Ni ( II ) chloride P ( C6H5 ) 3 + C3H7OH + NaSCN + C2H5OH + Ni ( H2O ) 6 ] ( NO3 ) 2 A ; agrave ; ( NCS ) 2 Equations XM = Molar magnetic susceptibleness ( cgs units ) C= Calibration changeless = 1.044 L= Length of sample ( cm units ) R= Balance reading with FULL samples tube Ro= Balance reading with EMPTY sample tubing M= Relative molecular weight of sample m= Mass of samples ( units gms ) Ten M = XM- ( diamagnetic rectification ) Ten M = Corrected Molar susceptibleness XM = Molar magnetic susceptibleness ( cgs units ) Diamagnetic rectification = Calculated from literature tabular array of diamagnetic corrections ( Xd ) Â µeff= Magnetic minute ( units Bohr Magneton ( BM ) ) Ten M = Corrected Molar susceptibleness T= Temperature ( units Kelvin ( K ) ) Calculations XM = 294.0798111 x10-6 Diamagnetic rectification ( informations obtained from Inorganic Chemistry CMB004 d-block Chemistry Laboratory class 2009-10 page 14 ) Compound: Diamagnetic rectification = ( -13 x10-6 ) + ( -46 x10-6 ) + ( -400 x10-6 ) = -459 x10-6 Ten M = XM- ( diamagnetic rectification ) Ten M = 294.07981110-6 ( 459 ) x10-6 = 753.07981110-6 Â µeff =1.33 BM Complex B showed a magnetic minute lessening of -055 to -073 on the first measuring so I re ran the measuring.

Things Fall Apart Essay essays

Things Fall Apart Essay essays Conformity is comfortable. Conformity is constant and reliable, unlike change, but change is, or can be important. Adaptation is an important lesson that everyone should go through because it is often needed in life. Having the world being turned upside down is an event that nobody enjoys. The thought of change often brings fear to the common man. Personal change causes enough stress, but stress from change on a whole society can be just as hard. When a whole society evolves, chaos can even affect the strongest of people. In the novel Things Fall Apart, Okonkwos life starts to crumble because he is unable to adapt to Throughout most of the book, Okonkwo feels anger and impatience towards everyone unlike himself, like Nwoye and Unoka. In one part of the novel, Nwoye, Okonkwos son, is converted to Christianity, which obviously displeases Okonkwo. Okonkwo is just trying to protect his son by being outraged at him, but Okonkwo takes it to a new level by saying that he will kill anyone in his family if they cross him and speak to Nwoye. Okonkwo had accepted the fact that Nwoye converts to Christianity, but he responds to it in absolute rage. Okonkwo hates Nwoye and would rather kill a family member than let them talk to a Christian. After Okonkwo returns from his exile, he begins to hate the white man because they are changing the culture. The new cultural features of the white man displeased him enough to plot revenge and kill a messenger. Because Okonkwo cant show his emotions except anger, he stands alone in his extreme hatred. As far as Okonkwo is concerned, any other emotion than anger is a weak, woman emotion. When the white man comes, Okonkwo cant show any other feeling than anger. If Okonkwo had been able to show nervousness or even a sliver of joy for the new customs, he would have been able to cope ...

Critical Interpretation of Contemporary American History Essay

Critical Interpretation of Contemporary American History - Essay Example In the book The Sorrows of Empire Johnson claims that increasing militarization of society and global political power of the USA limits ideas of democracy and liberty established by the US Constitution. The same ideas are expressed by Sundhaussen (1998) and Welch (2004) who state that militarization of society bring the American nation more 'sorrows and grievances' then security and peace. Among them are internal cleavage, economic stress, and external pressure. The means of military power is often identical to the means of assuming power in the first place. Following Sundhaussen (1998): "The military is by its very nature a potential threat to democracy, but in well-established democracies civilian supremacy has generally been maintained, though there are dangers of excessive military influence" (329). According to Johnson (2004), since 2001 the USA government has increased military spending and increased its military presence abroad. Furthermore, just as the original conspiracy to seize power had civilian adherents, the coup that presages a return to civilian rule is instigated by an alliance of military and civilian elements. Johnson compares modern American Empire with the Roman Empire which had a great influence on the western world and its historical development. For instance, "Bush and his administration have worked zealously to expand the powers of the presidency at the expense of the other branches of government" (23). The development of military empire is a part of the American history which goes back to the 1950s-1960s. In stark contrast to the Carter Administration, the Reagan Administration has been remarkably consistent in its foreign policy agenda and its attempts to follow through on campaign pledges. It has sponsored the country's largest ever military buildup. It has generated the highest level of tension in U.S. Soviet relations since the 1962 missile crisis, resulting, for several years, in a hiatus in communication at virtually all levels on virtually all issues (Aylett and DeMarco 98-99). It has reinforced the various intelligence agencies, expanding both surveillance and paramilitary capabilities, reinstating the practice of surveillance of U.S. citizens at home and abroad, treating any agency of government and any private organization or profession as legitimate "cover," and introducing new measures to protect secrecy and punish whistleblowers the Reagan Administration has escalated U.S. military involvement in Central American conflicts continuously, mindless of overwhelming popular opposition to its policies at home and in allied countries of Europe and Latin America; mindless of multiple opportunities for negotiation and compromise; and mindless, finally, of the certainty of ignominious failure (Aylett and DeMarco 101). While it is clear that security interests have always loomed large in the shaping of U.S. policy, it is less clear how such interests are defined and limited. The concept of security is eminently elastic. Johnson (2004) underlines that "the paradoxical effect of this grand strategy is that it may prove more radically disruptive of world order than anything the terrorists of September 11, 2001 could have hoped to achieve on their